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Big Ben – The Clock Tower of the Palace of Westminster
709 days
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in Europe
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A date with history
The most famous and the biggest bell ever cast at Whitechapel foundry was christened as the ‘Big Ben’ after some interesting debate in the parliament of the 19th century Britain. In 1844, the British parliament has unanimously approved the decision to incorporate the clock tower in the Houses of Parliament. But the specifications that came out in the corridors of parliament was a scientific impossibility for even the most adventurous of those responsible for watch – “The first shot of the hour bell should register the time, right within one second a day, and that it should be telegraph its performance twice a day in Greenwich, where a record was kept. “So began the journey of this timing reference point in London – The bell time of the Great Clock of Westminster, known worldwide as the ‘Big Ben ‘.
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The timekeeper Westminster was developed by Edmund Beckett Denison, and finally made functional by Edward John Dent in 1854. The watch has an innovative double three-legged gravity escapement. The arduous task of casting the 13.76 tonne bell was undertaken by George Mears, the master bell-founder and owner of the Whitechapel Bell Foundry. It was built during the reconstruction of Parliament, the clock tower went into service September 7, 1859.
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The evolution …
After leading the world on the gas for nearly half a century, the gas lighting of the dials was replaced by electric lighting in 1906. The electric winding followed in 1912. Over time, Big Ben has been to embrace the digital technology. Big Ben’s clock is illuminated at night. A second lamp over his face lights up whenever the Parliament is in session.
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big ben
BBC World Service and Big Ben has a long and this association has started tolling the way back December 31, 1923, when the BBC broadcast of the new arrival with the soothing chimes of Big Ben. The humanitarian face of Big Ben has a facelift during the Second World War, when the clock chimes instilled a sense of comfort and security in the British public that everything was going well with Great Britain. Big Ben chimes are still broadcast on BBC Radio 4 at certain times.
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The memorable journey to the Palace of Westminster …
The first trip of the Big Ben of his place of birth, the Whitechapel Foundry in his new home was marked by enthusiasm and amazement. The transport of the bell icon to the Houses of Parliament was also memorable for Londoners. While the sixteen brightly decorated with bows mammoth horses pulled the bell on the London Bridge, along Borough Road, Westminster Bridge, traffic came to a complete stop – to witness one of the most monumental vehicles of all time. Decorating the streets and the crowds cheered the zealous Big Ben all the way to its new home.
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See the most talked about world clock, the iconic stature of the Palace of Westminster is out of question. In addition to being the host to a legend, the Palace of Westminster is a guide to life for the events that have shaped the destiny of modern Britain. The awe inspiring Gothic architecture owes its mastery of the 19th century architect Sir Charles Barry. As part of UNESCO world heritage and Grade I, the Palace of Westminster houses works of art unique mixture of modern architecture, furniture legendary and monumental.
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History of the Parthenon
725 days
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in Europe
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As we gaze on the ruins of the Parthenon as it was possible to see them at the time of Pericles, when it stood supreme, surrounded by other buildings, each an architectural masterpiece, what we see today is just the empty shell of the temple of Athena. ‘S more than a miracle that in a changing world has survived the test of time, fires, earthquakes, war and religious fanaticism, and that his honey-colored marble, softened by nearly 2,500 years of Athenian sun, still forms a link tangible with the past, reflecting the immortality of the human spirit.
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While the Parthenon has been scrupulously respected by the Romans intolerance of the early Christians completely blinded them to the superlative beauty of Greek art, which saw only the evidence of paganism. During the first centuries of our era has been a common occurrence for Christians to maim or destroy completely priceless works of art.
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After serving as the sanctuary of Athena for a thousand years, the Parthenon was essentially intact except for some repairs to the roof after a fire in the second century AD, when, in accordance with the edict of Emperor Theodosius concerning pagan temples was converted to Christian worship in the fifth century. The drastic structural changes involved in the transformation into the Byzantine church decorated with the Divine Wisdom (Hagia Sophia), later dedicated to the Virgin Mother of God (Theotokos) breached its beauty. To the east of the porch was largely destroyed to make way for an apse, the opisthodomos west became the entry and correct the Parthenon narthex. The partition between the empty cell and the proper Parthenon was pierced by three doors, interior columns were removed and replaced by a Byzantine colonnade, a vaulted roof replaced the coffered ceiling and walls covered with paintings. During alterations considerable damage was done to the sculptures, the birth of Athena represented in the eastern pediment was almost completely destroyed when the porch was pulled down.
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In 1209 the first French king of Athens, Otto de la Roche, has adapted the Parthenon in Catholic worship and consecrated as the church of Sainte Marie in Athens. Later it was invaded in 1456 in Athens and the Parthenon was converted into use as a mosque, though fortunately without any further structural changes.
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In 1674 the Marquis de Nointel, French ambassador to the Sublime Porte, was allowed to visit the Acropolis. Among the members of his entourage was the artist Jacques Carrey, who made a series of drawings of the Parthenon. These designs, four in number, are now in the National Library in Paris and is an invaluable record of the state of the sculpture at that time.
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In 1676, the Acropolis was visited by two friends, the French physician Jacques Spon and Sir George Wheler, who were the last two travelers to see the Parthenon before it was severely damaged by fire in 1687. The book describes their journey to Italy, Dalmatia, Greece and Asia Minor appeared in 1678 and contained the first scientific description of the ruins of Athens.
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On September 26, 1687 by a mortar shell crashed through the roof of the Parthenon Venetian, which the Ottomans used it as a powder. The tremendous explosion that followed, the naos, porch and fourteen columns of the peristyle were shattered. further violence has been done to the sculpture from the clumsy and unsuccessful attempt to lower Morosini chariot of Athena from the west pediment, Parthenon and the damage it even more when the Turks regained Athens the following year.
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In 1787 the Count de Choiseul-Gouffier, French ambassador to the Sublime Porte, transported to Paris a part of the frieze of the exterior wall of the naos and two metopes, who had recovered from the mass of fallen masonry. Fourteen years after his example was followed, although on a scale infinitely larger, by Lord Elgin, British ambassador to Constantinople. Eighteen personality of the gables, almost half of the frieze and fifteen metopes of the Parthenon, one of the Caryatid Erechtheion and a column, some small pieces of sculpture from the Temple of Athena Nike, as well as a statue of Dionysos from choregic monument that Thrasyllus stood above the Theatre of Dionysus, were among two hundred and fifty precious marbles Elgin kidnapped Greek Acropolis and other places in Greece and sent to London between 1803 and 1812.
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Sculptures of the Parthenon Frieze
728 days
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in Europe
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The sculptural decoration of the great temple of Athena was eminently worthy of its architecture. Phidias made his name immortal by creating a work that will forever remain a model of Greek sculpture. The subjects, composition, everything was perfectly equal.
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The Doric frieze carved in high relief above the exterior colonnade composed of metopes ninety-two: fourteen and thirty-two on each face on each side. Among the few remaining 28 are to be seen in thirteen east, north and one south, but all these are either misleading or so badly disfigured as to be unrecognizable. Fifteen metopes are in London (the others were lost in a shipwreck near Cape Malea is delivered in England) and one in Paris. Those in the east are battles between gods and giants, to the west, between the Athenians and Amazons, south of Lapiths and Centaurs, and the scene north of the siege of Troy.
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The timpani in the gables, 28.65 m. in length and 3.45 m. in height, were filled with the best sculpture Phidias’. And on the east pediment represented the birth of Athena, and showed her dressed in full armor, flows from the head of Zeus. On the west pediment was represented the struggle between Athena and Poseidon for the possession of Attica. The two deities occupied the center of the pediment and were shown standing, separated from the olive tree symbolizes the victory of the virgin goddess. Of all these statues, for a total of fifty, almost nothing is left in situ. The vast majority was transported to London by Lord Elgin and are now exhibited in the British Museum, copies can be seen in the Acropolis Museum.
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A continuous Ionic frieze 159.70 m. in length and 1 m in height, carved in bas-relief, ran along the top of the outer walls of the naos and represented the ritual procession of officials, high-born young men and women, Athenian citizens and foreign residents, and train animals killed during the Feast of the Greater Panathenaic, which is held every four years.
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The start of the procession is shown in the southwest corner of the frieze with the celebrants move the files to double from west to east, those to the north, from the right, those in the south, from left to right, toward the ‘entrance on the east end of the temple, where the twelve Olympians preside over the ceremonial folding of the peplum of Athena. On the west frieze of the riders get ready for the ride. One of them, with the cloak to the wind makes it ready to ride horses, breeding, and another is shown fixing her sandal, while his assistant reins restless steed of his master, in a corner of the frieze, an official marshals groups of knights that can be seen to move under their own commanders.
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With the exception of the three central figures, the western section of the frieze is still in situ, although in a very decomposed, a large part of that belonging to the sides of northern, southern and eastern Europe and the British Museum, while the rest, with the exception of eight pieces in the Louvre, is in the Acropolis Museum. The sight of this beautiful frieze in the days when it was topped by cornices richly painted under a coffered ceiling decorated with stars and flowers must have been overwhelming. The total number of figures depicted in the frieze is estimated at three hundred and fifty pedestrians and 125 knights, and no two figures are similar.
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At the western end of the cell was a masterpiece of Phidias’, the cult statue of Athena Parthenos. The site is clearly seen in the dark oblong limestone in the center of which is a square hole. This has the main prop that supported the towering statue of the virgin goddess, built of gold and ivory on a wooden interior, including the pedestal had 12.80 m. high.
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According to Pausanias, the Goddess stood, dressed in a tunic. Her face, hands and feet were of ivory, while the tunic, like armor and accessories, has been designed with removable gold plates, and may be removed in an emergency. To his left was his shield decorated with scenes of battle between Greeks and Amazons on the outside and the Giants and Gods on the inside. Under the shield was a gold serpent representing Erechtheion. On his chest bore the aegis with the Gorgon’s head, and his helmet was adorned with a sphinx between the winged horses, with the griffins in relief on both sides. In the palm of his outstretched hand to the right wearing a Victoria six feet tall wearing a golden crown, a spear in his left hand. Her sandals were decorated with a scene of fighting between the Lapiths and Centaurs, while the pedestal was represented the birth of Pandora.
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E ‘was above all the embellishment of the head of the goddess that Phidias lavished all his skill and genius. To increase the brightness of the eyes, hair, and a helmet, took a variety of sparkling gems, whose beauty dazzled the eyes of the beholder. In the morning when the sun has invaded the sanctuary, bathing the statue in his bright rays, one could imagine living goddess Olympus had suddenly fallen, and now stood in front of one.
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Tips for Travelling With Children
867 days
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in Travel Tips
As the birth of my first child rapidly approaches, I fear that travelling overseas will never be the same again. The days of packing a tooth brush and a change of clothes to disappear for the weekend are well and truly in the past. Even my partner has reluctantly packed away our little 2-man tent which has served us well since our student days. It’s maybe time for us to buy a sensible suitcase and leave the backpacks in the loft for a few years!
Parents often worry most about flying with young children- especially if it’s long-haul. Many parents recommend booking a night-time flight and getting little ones changed into their pyjamas. Tiny babies often find the ‘hum’ of the aircraft soothing and will sleep anyway. Take-offs and landings are often the most uncomfortable time especially for babies who find it difficult to equalise the pressure in their ears. It is often recommended that babies are fed, either from the breast or a bottle at this time, as the swallowing action will help relieve this pressure. Older children can be encouraged to drink from a carton with a straw with the same effect. Be sure to pack some favourite toys and treats such as snacks and puzzle books. Big toys or noisy computer games may disturb other passengers.
The long term, harmful effects of the sun on young skin have been well publicized in recent months. Experts estimate that children could be three times more likely than their grandparents to develop malignant melanoma in the future. It is therefore extremely important that children are protected from the effects of the sun’s radiation. Children under 6 months should be kept out of direct sunlight wherever possible. Small collapsible beach tents/cabanas are available and can provide some well needed shade. Try and avoid sun exposure between 11am-3pm when the sun is at its highest and radiation is strongest. Use a good sun cream (at least factor 15) which filters both UVA and UVB radiation. Many products are available specifically for children. Be sure to reapply regularly, especially after swimming. UV suits can keep large areas of the body protected and are comfortably cool to wear. A wide-brimmed hat or a cap with a neck-flap is also recommended. Baseball caps often leave the ears and neck unprotected. The sun can also damage children’s eyes, causing long term retinal deterioration. Ensure they have good quality sunglasses which conform to British Standard 2724 or the continental equivalent.